Chile - en annorlunda historia
Staty av Pedro de Valdivia på Cerro Santa Lucía i Santiago
Häromdagen samtalade jag med en vän som sade sig vara stolt över att vara just chilenare eftersom Chile är annorlunda och har en historia som skiljer sig från övriga latinamerikanska länder. "Vad menar du?", tänkte jag. Vad är det som är så speciellt just med Chile? Det delar samma språk och i mångt och mycket samma historia som Argentina, Colombia eller Bolivia. Nej, fortsatte min vän bestämt, Chile är annorlunda då själva dess tillblivelse baserade sig på andra grunder än grannländernas. Och till sist fick jag medge att min vän hade rätt, för Chile är annorlunda.
Den första spanska expedition som med utgångspunkt från vicekungadömet Peru styrde stegen mot Chile återvände besviken med tomma händer, stora förluster i människoliv samt historier om indianer vars stridslust var så stor att de var omöjliga att besegra . Då näste man att ge sig ut på samma äventyr, Pedro de Valdivia ansökte om tillstånd att få ge sig ut på en expedition för att utforska det södra Sydamerika, får han mycket svårt att samla ihop frivilliga. Chile hade rykte om sig att vara en ogästvänlig landremsa som led total brist på allt som kunde tänkas vara av intresse för spanjorerna. Sökandet efter guld och silver och önskan om personlig triumf, att en dag kunna återvända till Spanien som en rik man var det enda som intresserade spanjorer i stora delar av Latinamerika. Man hade inte några långsiktiga projekt i sinnet varför merparten av de spanjorer som gav sig av till Latinamerika var ensamma män, ditlockade av hörsägner om rikedomar i överflöd. Och inte var det adelsmän och kungar som gav sig ut på dessa äventyr med osäker utgång, istället kom de spanska latinamerikaresenärerna ofta från fattiga förhållanden. Ibland hade de till och med kommit i klammeri med rättvisan.
Francisco Pizarro, upptäckaren av Peru lärde sig aldrig varken att läsa eller skriva och att vara analfabet var mer regel än undantag bland de spanska conquistadorerna.
Pedro Valdivia som kom att bli Chiles upptäckare var inte bara läs- och skrivkunnig och utan hade därtill talang för skrivandet. Då han ansökte om tillstånd att ta Chile i besiktning för den spanska kronans räkning gjorde han detta genom ett brev till Spaniens kung Carlos V där han försöker locka fler spanjorer till Chile och beskriver varför landet borde bli en del av det spanska imperiet. Pedro de Valdiva talar i brevet om Chiles slätter, den korta vintern samt de svala brisar som sveper över landet och aldrig gör solens strålar outhärdliga.
Så medan Pizarro och de övriga conquistadorerna sände skepp lastade med guld över Atlanten för att behaga den spanske konungen sände Perdro Valdivia utsirande brev till densamme i vilka han beskriver hur vackert Chile är. Och tydligen föll breven konungen i smaken, för Pedro Valdivia tilläts här grunda ett land och förevigades i historieböckerna som Chiles upptäckare.
Så ja, visst är landets historia en aning annorlunda. Chile var ett avlägset hörn av det spanska imperiet där inget fanns att hämta. Så istället för att bli utsatt för plundring, fick landet en chans att utvecklas i lugn och ro.
Brev på spanska från Pedro De Valdivia till den spanske konungen Carlos V. Detta stycke finns ingraverat i ett minnesmonument av sten på Cerro Santa Lucía i Santiago.
"Y para que haga saber a los mercaderes y gentes que se quiesen venir a avecindar que vengan; porque esta tierra es tal que para vivir en ella y perpetuarse, no la hay mejor en el mundo, digolo porque es muy llana. Sanisima de mucho contento; tiene cuatro meses de invierno no más que ellos si no es cuando hace cuarto la luna que llueve un día o dos todos los demás hacen tan lindos soles que no hay para que llegarse al fuego, el verano es tan templado y corren tan deleitosos aires que todo el día se puede el hombre andar al sol que no le es importuno. Es la más abundante de pasto y sementeras y para darse todo género de ganado y plantas que se puede pintar mucha e muy linda madera para hacer casas infinidad otra de leña para servicio dellas y las minas riquísimas de oro e toda la tierra está llena dello y donde quieran que quisieren sacarlo allí hallaran en que sembrar y con que edificar. Y agua. Leña y yerba para sus ganados, que parece la crio Dios a posta para poderlo tener todo a la mano".
46 kommentarer:
Vad fint skrivet. Jag kan tänka mig att han trivdes i Chile.
Spanjorerna verkade föredra det mildare klimatet i Chile och pâ Kuba framför de fuktiga tropikerna.
Intressant. Och du skriver också väldigt vackert om Chile.
Anna: Jag tror också att han trivdes i Chile. Tyvärr blev Valdivia inte särskilt långvarig i Chile. Han dog i ett slag med mapucheindianerna och sägs ha dödads av Lautaro, en mapucheindian som hade tjänstgjort för Valdivia sedan barnsben.
Och klimatet i Chile är faktiskt rätt likt de spanska, lång varm sommar och milda vintrar.
Lisa: Tack :)
Kanske inte hör till ämnet men jag lästa idag att fattigdomen gått ner, den är nu "bara" runt 13% i Chile vilket är goda nyheter. Hoppas fler länder i regionen också lyckas få ner den fattigdom som råder därborta.
Ja, fattigdomen i Chile har ju stadigt minskat. Tyvärr har landet långt kvar, alltför långt kvar för att motsvara de krav som ställs på ett I-land. Att vara fattig i chile innebär ofta fortfarande att man inte har tillgång till så grundläggande ting som god sjukvård och utbildning. Liksom du hoppas jag givetvis att (åtminstone) Chile lyckas få bukt med problemet.
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